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Gopher tortoise

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a single species of tortoise. For related species that are also called gopher tortoises, see <a href="Gopherus" title="Gopherus">Gopherus</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Gopher tortoise

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Gopher tortoise at <a href="Lake_June_in_Winter_Scrub_State_Park" title="Lake June in Winter Scrub State Park">Lake June in Winter Scrub State Park</a> in <a href="Highlands_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlands County">Highlands County</a>, <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>

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<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>

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<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"> <a href="Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a>  (<a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 2.3</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">[1]</a></div>

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<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix II (<a href="CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CITES-2">[2]</a></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a>

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<td>Superfamily:

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<td><a href="Testudinoidea" title="Testudinoidea">Testudinoidea</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Tortoise" title="Tortoise">Testudinidae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td><a href="Gopherus" title="Gopherus">Gopherus</a>

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<td>Species:

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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">G. polyphemus</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Gopherus polyphemus <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Daudin" title="François Marie Daudin">Daudin</a>, 1802</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-Fritz_2007-3">[3]</a>

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<ul><li>Testudo polyphaemus <a href="William_Bartram" title="William Bartram">Bartram</a>, 1791 (<a href="Nomen_nudum" title="Nomen nudum">nomen nudum</a>)</li>

<li>Testudo polyphemus Daudin, 1801</li>

<li>Emys polyphemus — <a href="August_Friedrich_Schweigger" title="August Friedrich Schweigger">Schweigger</a>, 1812</li>

<li>Testudo depressa <a href="Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a> in <a href="F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89douard_Gu%C3%A9rin-M%C3%A9neville" title="Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville">Guérin-Méneville</a>, 1829</li>

<li>Gopherus polyphemus — <a href="Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Rafinesque</a>, 1832</li>

<li>Testudo gopher <a href="John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1844</li>

<li>Xerobates gopher — Gray, 1873</li>

<li>Xerobates polyphemus — <a href="Frederick_W._True" title="Frederick W. True">True</a>, 1881</li>

<li>Gopherus praecedens <a href="Oliver_Perry_Hay" title="Oliver Perry Hay">O.P. Hay</a>, 1916</li>

<li>Gopherus polyphemus polyphemus — <a href="Robert_Mertens" title="Robert Mertens">Mertens</a> & Wermuth, 1955</li></ul>

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The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is a <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a> in the <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="Testudinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudinidae">Testudinidae</a>. The species is native to the <a href="Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern United States</a>. The gopher tortoise is seen as a <a href="Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> because it digs burrows that provide shelter for at least 360 other animal species. G. polyphemus is threatened by predation and <a href="Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. Habitat degradation is the primary reason that the gopher tortoise is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, but they are considered threatened in some states while they are endangered in others.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

The gopher tortoise is a representative of the genus <a href="Gopherus" title="Gopherus">Gopherus</a>, which contains the only <a href="Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a> native to <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The gopher tortoise is the <a href="State_reptile" class="mw-redirect" title="State reptile">state reptile</a> of <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and the state tortoise of <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FL_tortoise_news-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Florida_tortoise_law-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearerShearer1994314-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

Tortoises of the genus Gopherus are so named because of some species' habit of digging large, deep burrows like those of <a href="Gopher" title="Gopher">gophers</a>. The <a href="Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a>, polyphemus, refers to the cave-dwelling giant, <a href="Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>, of Greek mythology.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

The gopher tortoise is a terrestrial reptile that possesses forefeet that are well adapted for burrowing, and elephantine hind feet. These features are common to most tortoises. The front legs have scales to protect the tortoise while burrowing. G. polyphemus is dark brown to gray-black in overall color, with a yellow <a href="Plastron" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastron">plastron</a> (bottom shell). A gular projection is evident on the anterior plastron where the head projects from the shell. Sexual dimorphism is evident, with the male gopher tortoise having a concave plastron, while that of the female is flat. In addition, the gular projection of a male plastron is generally longer than that of a female. Straight <a href="Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> length of adults usually ranges from 6 to 11 in (15 to 28 cm), with a maximum of 16 in (41 cm).<a href="#cite_note-Pow-9">[9]</a> The carapace is at least twice as long as it is high.<a href="#cite_note-Pow-9">[9]</a> Body mass averages 4 kg (8.8 lb), with a range of 2–6 kg (4.4–13.2 lb).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> They are the only extant species of the genus <a href="Gopherus" title="Gopherus">Gopherus</a> found east of the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div>

Gopher tortoises are <a href="Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivore</a> scavengers and opportunistic grazers.<a href="#cite_note-FLfwc-13">[13]</a> Thus, their diets contains over 300 species of plants, with the dominant plants within their environment likely making up the bulk of their diet.<a href="#cite_note-FLfwc-13">[13]</a> They consume a very wide range of plants, but mainly eat broad-leaved grass, regular grass, <a href="Aristida_stricta" title="Aristida stricta">wiregrass</a>, and terrestrial <a href="Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LONGLEAF-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-speciesindecline-15">[15]</a> However, other plant parts, including <a href="Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a>, <a href="Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a>, <a href="Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a>, and <a href="Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> needles are also eaten.<a href="#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-16">[16]</a> They also eat mushrooms, and fruits such as <a href="Licania_michauxii" class="mw-redirect" title="Licania michauxii">gopher apple</a>, <a href="Asimina_triloba" title="Asimina triloba">pawpaw</a>, <a href="Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberries</a>, and <a href="Serenoa" title="Serenoa">saw palmetto</a> berries.<a href="#cite_note-LONGLEAF-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-speciesindecline-15">[15]</a> In addition, gopher tortoises eat flowers from the genera <a href="Cnidoscolus" title="Cnidoscolus">Cnidoscolus</a> (nettles), <a href="Tillandsia" title="Tillandsia">Tillandsia</a> (<a href="Spanish_moss" title="Spanish moss">Spanish</a> and <a href="Tillandsia_recurvata" title="Tillandsia recurvata">ball moss</a>), <a href="Richardia" title="Richardia">Richardia</a>, and <a href="Dyschoriste" title="Dyschoriste">Dyschoriste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wcsutortoise-17">[17]</a> A very small portion of the tortoises' diet is composed of <a href="Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, <a href="Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>, <a href="Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, and <a href="Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, eaten more commonly by females before and after nesting time.<a href="#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-16">[16]</a> Juvenile tortoises tend to eat more legumes, which are higher in protein, and fewer grasses and tough, fibrous plants than mature tortoises.<a href="#cite_note-wcsutortoise-17">[17]</a> As gopher tortoises usually get water from the food they eat, they usually only drink standing water in times of extreme drought.<a href="#cite_note-fullhouse-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burrowing">Burrowing</h3></div>

Gopher tortoises, like other tortoises of the genus Gopherus, are known for their digging ability. Gopher tortoises spend most of their time in long burrows (up to 80% of their time).<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a> On average, these burrows are 15 feet (4.6 m) long and 6.5 feet (2.0 m)<a href="#cite_note-FLfwc-13">[13]</a> deep, but can extend up to 48 feet (15 m) in length and 9.8 feet (3.0 m) deep.<a href="#cite_note-LONGLEAF-14">[14]</a> The length and depth of the burrow vary with the depth of sand and depth of the water table.<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a> In these burrows, the tortoises are protected from summer heat, winter cold, <a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">fire</a>, and predators, and a variety of activities happen within the burrow and its apron such as courting and basking in the sun.<a href="#cite_note-LONGLEAF-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The burrows are especially common in <a href="Longleaf_pine" title="Longleaf pine">longleaf pine</a> savannas, where the tortoises are the primary grazers, playing an essential role in their ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-LONGLEAF-14">[14]</a> Except during breeding season, gopher tortoises are solitary animals, inhabiting a small home range. Within their range they dig several burrows. On average, each gopher tortoise needs about 4 acres (16,000 m2) to live.<a href="#cite_note-EDF-21">[21]</a> In addition to providing a shelter for themselves, gopher tortoise burrows are utilized by 60 vertebrate species and 300 invertebrate species,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> including many rare species (i.e. <a href="Eastern_indigo_snake" title="Eastern indigo snake">Eastern Indigo snake</a>, <a href="Gopher_frog" title="Gopher frog">Gopher Frog</a>, and <a href="Florida_mouse" title="Florida mouse">Florida Mouse</a>).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The term that describes these species, as well as others that use the burrows, is "commensals".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement">Movement</h3></div>

The gopher tortoise does not usually occupy very large home ranges, they are normally less than 2 hectares in size.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The species is also known to move short distances when foraging and seem to stay within 100 meters or less. However, when on the hunt for a new foraging site, gopher tortoises may travel up to 2 miles.

Gopher tortoises can live more than 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> One current specimen, Gus (age 102—the oldest known living gopher tortoise—as of 2025<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>), has been living continuously in captivity at the <a href="Nova_Scotia_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History">Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History</a> in Halifax for 75 years as of 2018<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and is believed to have hatched between 1920 and 1925. Additionally, there are journalistic reports of a specimen in North Texas with a verified age of 75–78 years old.

The gopher tortoise reaches maturity at approximately 10–15 years of age, when their shells are around 9 inches (23 cm) long.<a href="#cite_note-factsheet-30">[30]</a> Male tortoises reach adulthood at approximately 9–12 years of age, and females take up to 10–21 years to reach maturity.<a href="#cite_note-FLfwc-13">[13]</a> Maturation time may vary based on local resource abundance and latitude. Gopher tortoises prefer to live solitary lifestyles, burrowing alone and only breaking this during mating season<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding_and_reproduction">Breeding and reproduction</h3></div>

Gopher tortoises reach sexual maturity between 15 and 20 years of age, depending on what region the species chooses to populate.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Sexual reproduction involves courtship rituals. During the mating season females only produce 1 clutch annually between April and November, females lay about 1–25 eggs. It has been shown that the clutch size is positively correlated with female plastron length.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> These clutches are incubated underground for 70–100 days. The sex of the eggs is determined by the temperature where they are incubated in a nest laid below sand. If the sand is over 30 degrees Celsius, it is a female and if below 30 degrees Celsius, the egg is a male. Incubation period can last from 80 to 90 days in Florida and 110 days in South Carolina. The eggs will stay in the uterus of the female for 60 days until oviposition occurs, they will use their uterine epithelium to supply "pumping water", and transport important nutrients to the eggs.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

Gopher tortoises may mate from February through September, with a peak throughout May and June.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianftpierce-35">[35]</a> Females may lay <a href="Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutches</a> of 3–14 eggs,<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianftpierce-35">[35]</a> depending on body size, in a sandy mound very close to the entrance of their burrow.

Ninety percent of clutches may be destroyed by predators such as armadillos, raccoons, foxes, skunks, and alligators<a href="#cite_note-factsheet-30">[30]</a> before the eggs hatch, and less than 6% of eggs are expected to grow into tortoises that live one year or more after hatching.<a href="#cite_note-turtlesoftheworld-36">[36]</a> As the tortoises age, they have fewer natural predators.<a href="#cite_note-FLfwc-13">[13]</a> Egg predation rates are unchanged regardless of whether nests are close to or remain far from burrows.<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a> Additionally, a denser soil composition may affect hatchlings' ability to emerge due to the hatchlings' apparent inability to dig themselves out of the nest.<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3></div>

It has been suggested that gopher tortoises, more than other tortoise species, exhibit social behavior. While primarily solitary creatures, gopher tortoises live in well-defined colonies which are similar to those of highly social animals such as the <a href="Prairie_dog" title="Prairie dog">prairie dog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a> The distribution and proximity of burrows might be the consequence of social relationships between tortoises. Some females have been observed visiting the burrows of a particular female repeatedly, even if there are other tortoises nearby. This may be a sort of 'friendship', but such terms are not normally used to describe the relationships between animals.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Female gopher tortoises generally do not relocate once they have moved into a colony and larger males usually have their burrows adjacent to females in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It has been found that males can travel up to 500m to visit females and their burrows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyerJohnsonHermann2012122-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_concerns">Conservation concerns</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historically">Historically</h3></div>

Since July 7, 1987, the <a href="U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> (USFWS) has listed Gopherus polyphemus as "Threatened" wherever the tortoises are found west of the <a href="Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile</a> and <a href="Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee</a> Rivers in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. On November 9, 2009, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed rulemaking to include the eastern population of Gopherus polyphemus in the List of Threatened Wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In October 2022, the USFWS announced that the species overall and its eastern distinct population segment (DPS) did not warrant listing at that time.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> G. polyphemus appears on the <a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> as a "Vulnerable" species; however, it has not been assessed for the purposes of this list since 1996.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">[1]</a> In July 2011, the USFWS determined that listing the eastern population of the tortoise as Threatened under the <a href="Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> is warranted, however, it is precluded from doing so at this time due to higher priority actions and a lack of sufficient funds to commence proposed rule development. In the interim period of time the USFWS will place the eastern population of the tortoise on its candidate species list until sufficient funding is available to initiate a proposed listing rule.<a href="#cite_note-National_Law_Review-43">[43]</a> In 2018, the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group recommended a re-assessment and re-classification of all six Gopherus species<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[44]</a> This reclassification would move G. polyphemus from Vulnerable (VU) to Endangered (EN).<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[44]</a> <a href="NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a> considers the species to be Vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

The Conservation Clinic at the University of Florida's <a href="Fredric_G._Levin_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredric G. Levin College of Law">Levin College of Law</a> describes five main threats to the tortoise population, which are: (1) <a href="Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> through human development, (2) habitat loss through poor supervision, (3) human desire to use it as a pet or eat it as meat (see <a href="#Human_predation">human predation</a>), (4) relocation causing population disruption, and (5) disease caused by relocation.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson,_Blake_2007-49">[49]</a>

In Mississippi, along State Route 63, <a href="Chain-link_fencing" title="Chain-link fencing">chain link fences</a> were built to prevent gopher tortoise mortality from traffic. These fences, made from heavy gauge wire for durability, are three feet high and are buried one foot below the surface. The fences have "turnarounds" at either end, which are angled fences that redirect tortoises back into the area from which they come. As of 2003, no roadside gopher tortoise deaths had been reported along Route 63 since the construction of the fences.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

On July 27, 2016, the <a href="Florida_Fish_and_Wildlife_Conservation_Commission" title="Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission</a> issued a warning to residents and visitors to the state not to paint the shell of a gopher tortoise, as the paint can hinder their ability to absorb vitamins they need from the sun, cause respiratory problems, allow toxic chemicals into the bloodstream, and other harmful effects. The commission has also stated that it is illegal to do so otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

Head-start and release programs have been shown to be effective methods of combating gopher tortoise population decline. At the Yuchi Wildlife Management Area in Burke County, Georgia, during 2014 and 2015 145 tortoises were released and tracked. Survivorship was variable throughout the study but site fidelity remained high. Since tortoises were staying in the same area after release it could be a viable method of population recovery. Release strategy and predator mitigation are essential to its success.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keystone_species">Keystone species</h3></div>

Gopher tortoises are known as a <a href="Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Permitting_Guidelines-53">[53]</a>

The <a href="Florida_Fish_and_Wildlife_Conservation_Commission" title="Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission</a> states the gopher tortoise provides temporary or permanent refuge for as many as 350 to 400 species, whether the gopher tortoise is present or not.<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FLfwc-13">[13]</a> The burrows are used for feeding, resting, reproduction, and protection from temperature extremes, moisture loss, and predators.<a href="#cite_note-Permitting_Guidelines-53">[53]</a> These species include <a href="Gopher_Frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopher Frog">gopher frogs</a> (Rana capito), several species of <a href="Snake" title="Snake">snake</a>, such as the <a href="Eastern_indigo_snake" title="Eastern indigo snake">eastern indigo snake</a> (Drymarchon couperi), small <a href="Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, <a href="Bachman's_sparrow" title="Bachman's sparrow">bachman's sparrow</a> (Peucaea aestivalis) being the most common bird seen around aprons,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and <a href="Burrowing_owl" title="Burrowing owl">burrowing owls</a> (Athene cunicularia).<a href="#cite_note-EDF-21">[21]</a> Several species associated with gopher tortoise burrows are listed as endangered, threatened, or species of special concern by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a> Therefore, conservation efforts focused on the gopher tortoise aid these species as well.<a href="#cite_note-EDF-21">[21]</a> The largest threats to gopher tortoises are habitat destruction, habitat degradation, and human predation.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>

Caterpillars of the moth <a href="Ceratophaga_vicinella" title="Ceratophaga vicinella">Ceratophaga vicinella</a> feed on the shells of dead gopher tortoises.

Additionally, gopher tortoise burrows may benefit plant life by exposing mineral soil favorable for germination.<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_conversion">Habitat conversion</h3></div>

Conversion of gopher tortoise habitat to urban areas, croplands, and pasture, along with adverse forest management practices, has drastically reduced the historic range of the gopher tortoise. The taking of gopher tortoises for sale or use as food or pets has also had a serious effect on some populations. The seriousness of the loss of adult tortoises is magnified by the length of time required for tortoises to reach maturity and their low reproductive rate. According to the website of the <a href="Brevard_Zoo" title="Brevard Zoo">Brevard Zoo</a> in Melbourne, Florida, current estimates of human predation and road mortality alone are at levels that could offset any annual addition to the population, and sightings of gopher tortoises have become rare in many areas, and the ones sighted are much smaller than in the past.<a href="#cite_note-BrevardZoo-56">[56]</a> A number of other species also prey upon gopher tortoises, including the <a href="Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a>, which is the primary egg and hatchling predator, <a href="Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray foxes</a>, <a href="Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">striped skunks</a>, <a href="Nine-banded_armadillo" title="Nine-banded armadillo">nine-banded armadillos</a>, dogs, and snakes. <a href="Red_imported_fire_ant" title="Red imported fire ant">Red imported fire ants</a> also have been known to prey on hatchlings. A 1980 report indicated clutch and hatchling losses often approach 90 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Landers1980-57">[57]</a>

In the past, approximately 83,955 gopher tortoises were incidentally taken (destroyed) and 137,759 acres of gopher tortoise habitat was permitted for development in Florida as developers could acquire Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Incidental Take Permits to build in the gopher tortoises' natural habitat. Additional gopher tortoise habitat was lost due to issuance of Special Tortoise Relocation Permits and Standard Tortoise Relocation Permits, but the total acreage of habitat lost and total number of gopher tortoises relocated cannot be estimated due to issuance of these two types of permits. Both the tortoise and their burrows are now protected under state laws. On July 31, 2007, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission implemented new permitting rules requiring developers to relocate tortoises.<a href="#cite_note-FWC-58">[58]</a> Starting on April 22, 2009, three types of permits were available in Florida for developers wishing to build on gopher tortoise habitat. Two of these permits allow for the relocation of gopher tortoises, either to some other place on the site being used for construction, or to a recipient site which has been certified by the <a href="Florida_Fish_and_Wildlife_Conservation_Commission" title="Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission</a>. The third type of permit allows for temporary relocation of tortoises while major utility lines are installed. In the third case, the tortoises are returned to their habitat after construction is complete.<a href="#cite_note-FWC-58">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_Disaster_Threats">Natural Disaster Threats</h3></div>

Gopher tortoises are sensitive to the stability or quality of the environment that they live in. There have many anthropogenic disturbances to gopher tortoise habitat, such as fire regimes to maintain healthy ecosystems, meaning this may disrupt potential vegetation that is essential to their diet. Though most research has been conducted on upland habitats for gopher tortoises, they also inhabit <a href="Sand_dune_stabilization" title="Sand dune stabilization">sand dune ecosystems</a>. Far less is known about these tortoises' role and niche within these coastal environments. However, this also means that they are threatened by human activity causing these tortoises to be subject to <a href="Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and irregular and intense hurricane patterns. An increase in storm intensity can lead to the ultimate destruction of these coastal habitats and therefore the species that occupy them, or at the very least misplacement into other unsuitable habitats. Many of these habitats are located on Florida beaches, which have decreased due to development and have left less than 86,000 acres of wild lands.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> As a result of these storms, tortoises have been moving up in elevation and residing in abandoned burrows that are deeper in order be protected from the hurricanes.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> This increase in storms may cause a range shift to higher elevation which may result in more human contact, which may reduce their populations over time. Since many beaches in Florida run parallel to trafficked roads and are therefore fragmented ecosystems, this may directly decrease the survival of these coastal gopher tortoises before there is adequate research done to understand the ecological importance that the coastal gopher tortoises contribute.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_predation">Human predation</h3></div>

Tortoises are subjected to predation by other animals, including by humans. People have eaten gopher tortoises for thousands of years. During the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the gopher tortoise was known as the "<a href="List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Hoover Chicken</a>" because they were eaten by poor people out of work.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson,_Blake_2007-49">[49]</a> Some people see gopher tortoise meat as a delicacy, or as simply a free source of meat.<a href="#cite_note-factsheet-30">[30]</a> Although it is now illegal to hunt gopher tortoises or possess their meat or shells, illegal hunting was still taking place as of 2008<a href="#cite_note-hunting-61">[61]</a> at an unsustainable rate, with some colonies being driven to extinction.<a href="#cite_note-speciesindecline-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-30">[30]</a> In 2006, police uncovered "five pounds of tortoise meat in [a] man's refrigerator" after they spotted empty tortoise shells along a highway in Florida. In nineteen counties in Alabama, as of 2007 tortoise was listed as "game species", though one with "no open season".<a href="#cite_note-Hudson,_Blake_2007-49">[49]</a>

Gopher tortoises have been kept as pets, preventing them from reproducing in their local populations. Captured gopher tortoises could be raced in <a href="Tortoise_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortoise races">tortoise races</a>, but this practice was banned in Florida in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Racing-62">[62]</a> Moving a tortoise can lead to harmful consequences to the environment from which it came, because the tortoise is often not returned to the same place where it was found. Also, as tortoise racing involves several tortoises in close proximity to one another, diseases can easily spread from one tortoise to another. If an infected captive tortoise is then returned to the environment, other tortoises may be infected.<a href="#cite_note-speciesindecline-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div>

<a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> poses another challenge for the gopher tortoise through alteration of habitat, but they are adapting by way of natural selection. According to the <a href="Florida_Fish_and_Wildlife_Conservation_Commission" title="Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission</a>, rising temperature and change in rainfall patterns may increase the numbers of invasive species which if more adapted to these environmental changes could drive out native plants essential for tortoise's diet. <a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> can cause <a href="Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> and increase stress to gopher tortoises and other native animals. Warmer temperatures cause <a href="Sea_level_to_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea level to rise">sea level to rise</a> and more <a href="Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> to occur. Extreme periods of rainfall and drought will cause fewer lands to become available. There will also be an increase or decrease in water availability. One meter rise in sea level leads to loss of 20% of existing conservation lands and 30% of the natural habitats. However, based on <a href="Current_sea_level_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sea level rise">current sea level rise</a>, a one-meter rise in ocean levels would occur only after the passage of several centuries. As the sea level rises, it will move storms closer to land and affect both coastal and marine environments. Species may move inland as less land is accessible. This can increase the spread of diseases or disrupt food cycles and reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_loss">Habitat loss</h3></div>

In 1987, human urbanization and various human activities in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama caused dramatic declines in the tortoise population, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed them as "endangered". Even though the population declined in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, they were not yet listed as threatened at the time. However, in recent years, <a href="Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> is increasing as southern states continue to experience human population growth, and expand on highway road construction. The southeast has had a 20% increase in human population between 1990 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson,_Blake_2007-49">[49]</a>

One of the most suitable habitats for gopher tortoise is the <a href="Longleaf_pine_ecosystem" title="Longleaf pine ecosystem">longleaf pine ecosystem</a>, which provides suitable well-drained and sandy soils for tortoises to inhabit.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson,_Blake_2007-49">[49]</a> Longleaf pine forests include abundant low herbaceous plant growth and open canopy/space for tortoise's eggs to incubate. Since European settlement, longleaf pine decreased in area by an estimated of 96%, which has contributed to an 80% decrease in population densities of gopher tortoise. This means that there is only 4% of longleaf pine remaining.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson,_Blake_2007-49">[49]</a> Although federal, state, and privately managed forest lands can harbor a significant number of tortoises, pine plantations with high tree densities can become unsuitable due to the area having an increase in shaded areas, leading to a decrease in ground cover species.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

Over its range in the southeast, there are still four large core areas that provide the opportunity to protect large areas of tortoise habitat, as well the biological diversity of the coastal plain.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> They are (from west to east) <a href="De_Soto_National_Forest" title="De Soto National Forest">De Soto National Forest</a>, <a href="Eglin_Air_Force_Base" title="Eglin Air Force Base">Eglin Air Force Base</a>, <a href="Apalachicola_National_Forest" title="Apalachicola National Forest">Apalachicola National Forest</a>, and <a href="Okefenokee_Swamp" title="Okefenokee Swamp">Okefenokee Swamp</a> in Florida. These areas offer an opportunity to restore forest stands and land areas containing populations of native <a href="Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> animals threatened by <a href="Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>. Restoring the natural causal factors of fire, especially, and flooding would also assist in restoring the plant and animal communities.

If Florida's population doubles, 7,000,000 acres (11,000 sq mi; 28,000 km2) of land, which is the size of Vermont, could be developed. 3,000,000 acres (4,700 sq mi; 12,000 km2) of agricultural lands and 2,700,000 acres (4,200 sq mi; 11,000 km2) of unused land will be developed. This will cause more competition for water resources between animals and humans.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The low reproductive rate of the tortoise makes it more vulnerable to declines in longleaf ecosystem and extinction.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</h3></div>

Anthropogenic activity appears to not only result in habitat loss but also habitat fragmentation. Turtles and tortoises are strongly impacted by railways, which can act as barriers to movement.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Radio telemetry data show that gopher tortoises cross railways significantly less frequently than expected.<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[68]</a> Tortoises also have poor ability to escape from railways after entering the area between the rails. Railway habituated tortoises (those believed to live near railways and interact with them) and naïve tortoises (those unlikely to frequently interact with railways) do not differ substantially in their railway escape behavior, suggesting that prior experience may not improve tortoises' ability to escape from railways that they have entered.<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[68]</a> Trenches dug beneath railways can facilitate movement across and escape from railways. As railways are prevalent throughout the gopher tortoise's geographic range, implementation of railway trenches may improve population connectivity and reduce habitat fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[68]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3></div>

Gopher tortoises are known to contract upper respiratory tract diseases (URTDs) caused by various microorganisms, including the bacterium <a href="Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a> agassizii and <a href="Iridoviridae" title="Iridoviridae">iridovirus</a> and <a href="Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">herpes viruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HANDBOOKONGT-69">[69]</a> Symptoms of URTDs include serous, mucoid, or purulent discharge from the nares, excessive tearing to purulent ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, and edema of the eyelids and ocular glands.<a href="#cite_note-CAUSEORURTD-70">[70]</a> M. agassizii is known to exist in tortoises without showing obvious symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Pathology-71">[71]</a> Little is known about why some tortoises test positive and live for years, while others become seriously ill and die.<a href="#cite_note-FWC-urtd-72">[72]</a> The antibiotic <a href="Enrofloxacin" title="Enrofloxacin">enrofloxacin</a> has been used to treat bacterial URTDs in G. polyphemus.<a href="#cite_note-Antimicrobial_Therapy_in_Reptiles-73">[73]</a> However, there is no cure for URTD.<a href="#cite_note-FWC-urtd-72">[72]</a>

Although long-term studies indicate URTDs can cause population declines in desert tortoise populations 10–15 years after initial infection, studies of such length have not been performed on G. polyphemus. One study, which observed G. polyphemus tortoises in Florida from 2003 to 2006, returned the unexpected observation that tortoises which were <a href="Serostatus" title="Serostatus">seropositive</a> for URTD antibodies were less likely to die over that time than seronegative tortoises. However, the habitats of more seropositive populations had more remains of dead tortoises. The investigators offered the explanation that seropositive tortoises had survived an initial infection, then developed chronic disease. This evidence may imply a possible <a href="Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a> effect on mortality, followed by <a href="Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> disease in surviving individuals.<a href="#cite_note-URTD-FOI-effects-on-survival-74">[74]</a> Further studies are needed to more fully understand the effects of URTD on this species.

There was a study that found that 14 out of 35 Florida gopher tortoises tested positive for a bacteria called, provisionally, "Candidatus Anaplasma testudinis".<a href="#cite_note-:2-75">[75]</a> These tortoises came into the animal hospitals with <a href="Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> and cytoplasmic vacuolization.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> With this bacteria present, it can cause <a href="Anaplasmosis" title="Anaplasmosis">anaplasmosis</a>, that is thought to damage red blood cells. It can spread by ticks or other biological vectors and this disease is transmittable, but not contagious. Since this disease was so prevalent within the tortoises studied, it is believed that this disease occurs frequently and is common occurrence in wild populations. This then becomes a pressing issue in terms of the conservation efforts put forward to decrease the likelihood of this disease affecting the population counts. More diagnostic tests are necessary to ensure the effective diagnosis and treatment of wild gopher tortoises, as well as a method for the identification and removal of the potential biological vectors.<a href="#cite_note-:2-75">[75]</a> Ticks are the predicted biological vector, but more research needs to be done to identify other potential carriers and which tick species are more likely to spread diseases to gopher tortoises.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Longleaf_forest_conservation">Longleaf forest conservation</h2></div>

Since the preservation of the <a href="Longleaf_pine_ecosystem" title="Longleaf pine ecosystem">longleaf pine ecosystem</a> in particular is required for the maintenance of the gopher tortoise, conservation efforts are needed to maintain this endangered ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-usdafeis-19">[19]</a> The longleaf pine ecosystem provides extreme conditions such as "nutrient" deprived soil and "sandy sites" for gopher's habitation. The longleaf pine is a relatively long-lived tree for this region of the world, with individual trees often persisting for several centuries.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

Conserving these forests would provide the natural habitats gopher tortoises need. The geographic range of the gopher tortoise once encompassed much of the longleaf pine forests of the southeastern United States.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>

Successful reforestation efforts have been made. According to the Environmental Defense Fund's website, environmentalists and private land owners are working together to maintain the wildlife habitat while maintaining crops productivity. Groups provide assistance to private landowners to ensure funding for conservation incentives to landowners who are willing to preserve wildlife on their soil.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Most lands in the East are privately owned. Landowners used "prescribed burns" to restore favorable habitat conditions. Prescribed burns managed by the Safe Harbor Agreement benefits U.S. Fish & Wildlife, serve under Federal Endangered Species Act help reduces and prevents the amount of invasive species that are threatening to the tortoise; invasive species, such as the cogongrass (<a href="Imperata_cylindrica" title="Imperata cylindrica">Imperata cylindrica</a>) and <a href="Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">fire ants</a> that disrupt gopher tortoise's habitat and kill tortoise eggs, can be controlled. Prescribed fire is one method to provide sufficient ground for the tortoise and its eggs to survive and maintain biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> in terms of the biodiversity within Longleaf Pine ecosystems, Gopher Tortoises and the burrows they create help protect various types of fauna, reinforcing their ecological importance.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_75-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFCrosbyWellehanPertierraWendland2021" class="citation journal cs1">Crosby, Francy L.; Wellehan, James F. X.; Pertierra, Liliet; Wendland, Lori D.; Lundgren, Anna M.; Barbet, Anthony F.; Brown, Mary B. (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ttbdis.2021.101672">"Molecular characterization of "Candidatus Anaplasma testudinis": An emerging pathogen in the threatened Florida gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus)"</a>. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (3): 101672. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ttbdis.2021.101672">10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101672</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-9603">1877-9603</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33561680">33561680</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShubinDemidyukKomissarovRafieva2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shubin, Andrey V.; Demidyuk, Ilya V.; Komissarov, Alexey A.; Rafieva, Lola M.; Kostrov, Sergey V. (2016-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5342458">"Cytoplasmic vacuolization in cell death and survival"</a>. Oncotarget. 7 (34): 55863–55889. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.10150">10.18632/oncotarget.10150</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1949-2553">1949-2553</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5342458">5342458</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27331412">27331412</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/index.html">"Forest Ecosystems"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410063326/http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/index.html">Archived</a> April 10, 2013, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, School of Forest Resources and Conservation at the University of Florida and Florida 4-H Foundation.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEubanksMichenerGuyer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Eubanks, Jeannine Ott; Michener, William K.; Guyer, Craig (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1655/01-105.1">"Patterns of Movement and Burrow Use in a Population of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus Polyphemus)"</a>. Herpetologica. 59 (3): 311–321. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1655%2F01-105.1">10.1655/01-105.1</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-0831">0018-0831</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310003102/http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=442">"Why Private Lands?"</a>, Environmental Defense Fund – Finding the Ways That Work. Environmental Defense Fund, May 14, 2006.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> DeBerry, Drue and Pashley, David (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820114511/http://www.affoundation.org/Handbook_Gopher_Tortoise.pdf">"Pine Ecosystem Conservation Handbook for the Gopher Tortoise: A Guide for Family Forest Owners"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201193644/https://web.archive.org/web/20080601000000%2A/http%3A/">Archived</a> February 1, 2015, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Forest Foundation.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDziadzioSmith" class="citation web cs1">Dziadzio, Michelina; Smith, Lora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/southeastern-naturalist/volume-15/issue-4/058.015.0403/Vertebrate-Use-of-Gopher-Tortoise-Burrows-and-Aprons/10.1656/058.015.0403.short">"Vertebrate Use of Gopher Tortoise Burrows and Aprons"</a>. BioOne Digital Library. Southeastern Naturalist.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFShearerShearer1994" class="citation book cs1">Shearer, Benjamin F.; Shearer, Barbara S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statenamessealsf00shea">State names, seals, flags, and symbols</a> (2nd ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-313-28862-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGuyerJohnsonHermann2012" class="citation journal cs1">Guyer C, Johnson VM, Hermann SM (2012). "Effects of Population Density on Patterns of Movement and Behavior of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus Polyphemus)". Herpetological Monographs. 26 (1): 122–134. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1655%2FHERPMONOGRAPHS-D-10-00004.1">10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-10-00004.1</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86079337">86079337</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Daudin" title="François Marie Daudin">Daudin FM</a> (1801). Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire générale et particulière, composée par <a href="Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc de Buffon</a>, et rédigée par <a href="Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert_Sonnini_de_Manoncourt" title="Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt">C.S. Sonnini</a>, membre des plusieurs sociétés savantes. Tome Second [Volume 2]. Paris: F. Dufart. 432 pp. (Testudo polyphemus, new species, pp. 256–259). (in French and Latin).</li>

<li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Jett_Goin" class="extiw external" title="fr:Coleman Jett Goin">Goin CJ</a>, <a href="Olive_B._Goin" title="Olive B. Goin">Goin OB</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Zug" class="extiw external" title="de:George Robert Zug">Zug GB</a> (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7167-0020-4</bdi>. (Gopherus polyphemus, p. 155).</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Powell_(herpetologist)" title="Robert Powell (herpetologist)">Powell R</a>, <a href="Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)" title="Roger Conant (herpetologist)">Conant R</a>, <a href="Joseph_T._Collins" title="Joseph T. Collins">Collins JT</a> (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-544-12997-9</bdi>. (Gopherus polyphemus, p. 230 + Plate 19 + Figure 205 on p. 459).</li>

<li><a href="Hobart_Muir_Smith" title="Hobart Muir Smith">Smith HM</a>, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-307-13666-3</bdi> (paperback), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-307-47009-1</bdi> (hardcover). (Gopherus polyphemus, pp. 62–63).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gopherus_polyphemus" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Gopherus polyphemus">Gopherus polyphemus</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li>Species <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Gopherus&species=polyphemus">Gopherus polyphemus</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reptile-database.org/">The Reptile Database</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbbd.com/gophertortoise/index.html">Enchanted Forest Nature Sanctuary: Gopher tortoise</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.dlg.galileo.usg.edu/?p=1986">Gopherus polyphemus</a> Blog of the Digital Library of Georgia</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Tortoise_family813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Tortoise" title="Tortoise">Tortoise</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a></li>

<li>Subclass: <a href="Anapsid" title="Anapsid">Anapsida</a></li>

<li>Order: <a href="Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a></li>

<li>Suborder: <a href="Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a></li>

<li>Superfamily: <a href="Testudinoidea" title="Testudinoidea">Testudinoidea</a></li>

<li>Family: <a href="Testudinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudinidae">Testudinidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div id="Species_of_the_tortoise_family40">Species of the <a href="Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a> family</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="26" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Agrionemys" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrionemys">Agrionemys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russian_tortoise" title="Russian tortoise">Russian tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aldabrachelys" title="Aldabrachelys">Aldabrachelys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aldabra_giant_tortoise" title="Aldabra giant tortoise">Aldabra giant tortoise</a> (subspecies:</li>

<li><a href="Aldabrachelys_gigantea_arnoldi" title="Aldabrachelys gigantea arnoldi">A. g. arnoldi</a></li>

<li>†A. g. daudinii</li>

<li><a href="Aldabrachelys_gigantea_hololissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa">A. g. hololissa</a>)</li>

<li>†<a href="Aldabrachelys_abrupta" title="Aldabrachelys abrupta">Aldabrachelys abrupta</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Aldabrachelys_grandidieri" title="Aldabrachelys grandidieri">Aldabrachelys grandidieri</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Astrochelys" title="Astrochelys">Astrochelys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angonoka_tortoise" title="Angonoka tortoise">Angonoka tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiated_tortoise" title="Radiated tortoise">Radiated tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Astrochelys_rogerbouri" title="Astrochelys rogerbouri">Astrochelys rogerbouri</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Centrochelys" title="Centrochelys">Centrochelys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African_spurred_tortoise" title="African spurred tortoise">African spurred tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Centrochelys_atlantica" title="Centrochelys atlantica">Centrochelys atlantica</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Centrochelys_burchardi" title="Centrochelys burchardi">Centrochelys burchardi</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Centrochelys_vulcanica" title="Centrochelys vulcanica">Centrochelys vulcanica</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chelonoidis" title="Chelonoidis">Chelonoidis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chaco_tortoise" title="Chaco tortoise">Chaco tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-footed_tortoise" title="Red-footed tortoise">Red-footed tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellow-footed_tortoise" title="Yellow-footed tortoise">Yellow-footed tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Chelonoidis_alburyorum" title="Chelonoidis alburyorum">Chelonoidis alburyorum</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Chelonoidis_cubensis" title="Chelonoidis cubensis">Chelonoidis cubensis</a></li>

<li>†Chelonoidis lutzae</li>

<li>†<a href="Chelonoidis_monensis" title="Chelonoidis monensis">Chelonoidis monensis</a></li>

<li>†Chelonoidis sellovii</li>

<li>†Chelonoidis sombrerensis</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Galápagos tortoise</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Chelonoidis complex</a></dd></dl></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chelonoidis_vicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonoidis vicina">Cerro Azul giant tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelonoidis_chathamensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonoidis chathamensis">Chatham Island giant tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelonoidis_donfaustoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonoidis donfaustoi">Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernandina_Island_Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Fernandina Island Galápagos tortoise">Fernandina Island tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Chelonoidis_niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonoidis niger">Floreana Island tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Hood_Island_giant_tortoise" title="Hood Island giant tortoise">Hood Island giant tortoise</a> (<a href="Diego_(tortoise)" title="Diego (tortoise)">Diego</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Santa_Fe_Island_tortoise" title="Santa Fe Island tortoise">Santa Fe Island tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Pinta_Island_tortoise" title="Pinta Island tortoise">Pinta Island tortoise</a> †(<a href="Lonesome_George" title="Lonesome George">Lonesome George</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Santiago_Island_giant_tortoise" title="Santiago Island giant tortoise">Santiago Island giant tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinz%C3%B3n_Island_giant_tortoise" title="Pinzón Island giant tortoise">Pinzón Island giant tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelonoidis_guentheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonoidis guentheri">Sierra Negra giant tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelonoidis_vandenburghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonoidis vandenburghi">Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelonoidis_microphyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonoidis microphyes">Volcán Darwin giant tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Volc%C3%A1n_Wolf_giant_tortoise" title="Volcán Wolf giant tortoise">Volcán Wolf giant tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Santa_Cruz_tortoise" title="Western Santa Cruz tortoise">Western Santa Cruz tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">†Cheirogaster</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†Cheirogaster bacharidisi</li>

<li>†Cheirogaster gymnesica</li>

<li>†Cheirogaster schafferi</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chersina" title="Chersina">Chersina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angulate_tortoise" title="Angulate tortoise">Angulate tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chersobius" title="Chersobius">Chersobius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chersobius_solus" title="Chersobius solus">Nama padloper</a></li>

<li><a href="Chersobius_boulengeri" title="Chersobius boulengeri">Karoo padloper</a></li>

<li><a href="Chersobius_signatus" title="Chersobius signatus">Speckled padloper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">†<a href="Cylindraspis" title="Cylindraspis">Cylindraspis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Domed_Mauritius_giant_tortoise" title="Domed Mauritius giant tortoise">Domed Mauritius giant tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Domed_Rodrigues_giant_tortoise" title="Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise">Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="R%C3%A9union_giant_tortoise" title="Réunion giant tortoise">Réunion giant tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Saddle-backed_Mauritius_giant_tortoise" title="Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise">Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Saddle-backed_Rodrigues_giant_tortoise" title="Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise">Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geochelone" title="Geochelone">Geochelone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burmese_star_tortoise" title="Burmese star tortoise">Burmese star tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_star_tortoise" title="Indian star tortoise">Indian star tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gopherus" title="Gopherus">Gopherus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bolson_tortoise" title="Bolson tortoise">Bolson tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_tortoise" title="Desert tortoise">Desert tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Goode's_thornscrub_tortoise" title="Goode's thornscrub tortoise">Goode's thornscrub tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonoran_Desert_tortoise" title="Sonoran Desert tortoise">Sonoran Desert tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_tortoise" title="Texas tortoise">Texas tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">†<a href="Hadrianus_(turtle)" title="Hadrianus (turtle)">Hadrianus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†Hadrianus corsoni</li>

<li>†Hadrianus majusculus</li>

<li>†Hadrianus octonaria</li>

<li>†Hadrianus robustus</li>

<li>†Hadrianus schucherti</li>

<li>†Hadrianus utahensis</li>

<li>†Hadrianus vialovi</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">†<a href="Hesperotestudo" title="Hesperotestudo">Hesperotestudo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Hesperotestudo_percrassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperotestudo percrassa">Hesperotestudo percrassa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Homopus" title="Homopus">Homopus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Homopus_areolatus" title="Homopus areolatus">Common padloper</a></li>

<li><a href="Homopus_femoralis" title="Homopus femoralis">Greater padloper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indotestudo" title="Indotestudo">Indotestudo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elongated_tortoise" title="Elongated tortoise">Elongated tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Forsten's_tortoise" title="Forsten's tortoise">Forsten's tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Travancore_tortoise" title="Travancore tortoise">Travancore tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kinixys" title="Kinixys">Kinixys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bell's_hinge-back_tortoise" title="Bell's hinge-back tortoise">Bell's hinge-back tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_hinge-back_tortoise" title="Forest hinge-back tortoise">Forest hinge-back tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Home's_hinge-back_tortoise" title="Home's hinge-back tortoise">Home's hinge-back tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobatse_hinge-back_tortoise" title="Lobatse hinge-back tortoise">Lobatse hinge-back tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Natal_hinge-back_tortoise" title="Natal hinge-back tortoise">Natal hinge-back tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Speke's_hinge-back_tortoise" title="Speke's hinge-back tortoise">Speke's hinge-back tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Malacochersus" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacochersus">Malacochersus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pancake_tortoise" title="Pancake tortoise">Pancake tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Manouria" title="Manouria">Manouria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asian_forest_tortoise" title="Asian forest tortoise">Asian forest tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Impressed_tortoise" title="Impressed tortoise">Impressed tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">†<a href="Megalochelys" title="Megalochelys">Megalochelys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Megalochelys_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalochelys atlas">Megalochelys atlas</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Megalochelys_cautleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalochelys cautleyi">Megalochelys cautleyi</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Megalochelys_margae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalochelys margae">Megalochelys margae</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Megalochelys_sondaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalochelys sondaari">Megalochelys sondaari</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psammobates" title="Psammobates">Psammobates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geometric_tortoise" title="Geometric tortoise">Geometric tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Serrated_tortoise" title="Serrated tortoise">Serrated tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Tent_tortoise" title="Tent tortoise">Tent tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pyxis_(turtle)" title="Pyxis (turtle)">Pyxis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flat-backed_spider_tortoise" title="Flat-backed spider tortoise">Flat-backed spider tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Spider_tortoise" title="Spider tortoise">Spider tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stigmochelys" title="Stigmochelys">Stigmochelys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Leopard_tortoise" title="Leopard tortoise">Leopard tortoise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">†<a href="Stylemys" title="Stylemys">Stylemys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†Stylemys botti</li>

<li>†Stylemys calaverensis</li>

<li>†Stylemys canetotiana</li>

<li>†Stylemys capax</li>

<li>†Stylemys conspecta</li>

<li>†Stylemys copei</li>

<li>†Stylemys emiliae</li>

<li>†Stylemys frizaciana</li>

<li>†Stylemys karakolensis</li>

<li>†Stylemys nebrascensis</li>

<li>†Stylemys neglectus</li>

<li>†Stylemys oregonensis</li>

<li>†Stylemys pygmea</li>

<li>†Stylemys uintensis</li>

<li>†Stylemys undabuna</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Testudo_(genus)" title="Testudo (genus)">Testudo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hermann's_tortoise" title="Hermann's tortoise">Hermann's tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleinmann's_tortoise" title="Kleinmann's tortoise">Kleinmann's tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Marginated_tortoise" title="Marginated tortoise">Marginated tortoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Spur-thighed_tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur-thighed tortoise">Spur-thighed tortoise</a></li>

<li>†Testudo brevitesta</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf">turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status</a>. Key: †=extinct.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Testudines566" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Testudines566" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a></li>

<li>Clade: <a href="Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a></li>

<li>Order: <a href="Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Order_(biology)#Hierarchy_of_ranks" title="Order (biology)">Suborder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Superfamily30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Superfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="List_of_Testudines_families" title="List of Testudines families">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><div id="Genus15"><a href="Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Chelonioidea</a> (Sea turtles)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cheloniidae39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Cheloniidae" title="Cheloniidae">Cheloniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Allopleuron" title="Allopleuron">Allopleuron</a></li>

<li><a href="Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">Caretta</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Carolinochelys" title="Carolinochelys">Carolinochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">Chelonia</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Eochelone" title="Eochelone">Eochelone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">Eretmochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Gigantatypus" title="Gigantatypus">Gigantatypus</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Glarichelys" title="Glarichelys">Glarichelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Itilochelys" title="Itilochelys">Itilochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Ridley_sea_turtle" title="Ridley sea turtle">Lepidochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Mexichelys" title="Mexichelys">Mexichelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Miocaretta" title="Miocaretta">Miocaretta</a></li>

<li><a href="Flatback_sea_turtle" title="Flatback sea turtle">Natator</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Pacifichelys" title="Pacifichelys">Pacifichelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Syllomus" title="Syllomus">Syllomus</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Tasbacka" title="Tasbacka">Tasbacka</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Dermochelyidae" title="Dermochelyidae">Dermochelyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Arabemys" title="Arabemys">Arabemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Corsochelys" title="Corsochelys">Corsochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Cosmochelys" title="Cosmochelys">Cosmochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">Dermochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Eosphargis" title="Eosphargis">Eosphargis</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Mesodermochelys" title="Mesodermochelys">Mesodermochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Psephophorus" title="Psephophorus">Psephophorus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Euclastes" title="Euclastes">Euclastes</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Peritresius" title="Peritresius">Peritresius</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Procolpochelys" title="Procolpochelys">Procolpochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Protosphargis" title="Protosphargis">Protosphargis</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Puppigerus" title="Puppigerus">Puppigerus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Kinosternoidea" title="Kinosternoidea">Kinosternoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dermatemydidae35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Dermatemydidae" title="Dermatemydidae">Dermatemydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hickatee" title="Hickatee">Dermatemys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Kinosternidae" title="Kinosternidae">Kinosternidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Narrow-bridged_musk_turtle" title="Narrow-bridged musk turtle">Claudius</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Hoplochelys" title="Hoplochelys">Hoplochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinosternon" title="Kinosternon">Kinosternon</a></li>

<li><a href="Staurotypus" title="Staurotypus">Staurotypus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sternotherus" title="Sternotherus">Sternotherus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Testudinoidea" title="Testudinoidea">Testudinoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Emydidae" title="Emydidae">Emydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Acherontemys" title="Acherontemys">Acherontemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrysemys" title="Chrysemys">Chrysemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Clemmys" title="Clemmys">Clemmys</a></li>

<li><a href="Deirochelys" title="Deirochelys">Deirochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Actinemys" title="Actinemys">Actinemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Emydoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Emydoidea">Emydoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Glyptemys" title="Glyptemys">Glyptemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Graptemys" title="Graptemys">Graptemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Diamondback_terrapin" title="Diamondback terrapin">Malaclemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudemys" title="Pseudemys">Pseudemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Box_turtle" title="Box turtle">Terrapene</a></li>

<li><a href="Trachemys" title="Trachemys">Trachemys</a></li>

<li>†Wilburemys</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Geoemydidae" title="Geoemydidae">Geoemydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Batagur" title="Batagur">Batagur</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Banhxeochelys" title="Banhxeochelys">Banhxeochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_box_turtle" title="Asian box turtle">Cuora</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclemys" title="Cyclemys">Cyclemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_pond_turtle" title="Black pond turtle">Geoclemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoemyda" title="Geoemyda">Geoemyda</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahminy_river_turtle" title="Brahminy river turtle">Hardella</a></li>

<li><a href="Heosemys" title="Heosemys">Heosemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulawesi_forest_turtle" title="Sulawesi forest turtle">Leucocephalon</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayemys" title="Malayemys">Malayemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Mauremys" title="Mauremys">Mauremys</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanochelys" title="Melanochelys">Melanochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Morenia" title="Morenia">Morenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_flat-shelled_turtle" title="Malayan flat-shelled turtle">Notochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_giant_turtle" title="Malaysian giant turtle">Orlitia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pangshura" title="Pangshura">Pangshura</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhinoclemmys" title="Rhinoclemmys">Rhinoclemmys</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacalia" title="Sacalia">Sacalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Siebenrockiella" title="Siebenrockiella">Siebenrockiella</a></li>

<li><a href="Cane_turtle" title="Cane turtle">Vijayachelys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> <a href="Big-headed_turtle" title="Big-headed turtle">Platysternidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Big-headed_turtle" title="Big-headed turtle">Platysternon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Tortoise" title="Tortoise">Testudinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aldabrachelys" title="Aldabrachelys">Aldabrachelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrochelys" title="Astrochelys">Astrochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrochelys" title="Centrochelys">Centrochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelonoidis" title="Chelonoidis">Chelonoidis</a></li>

<li><a href="Angulate_tortoise" title="Angulate tortoise">Chersina</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylindraspis" title="Cylindraspis">Cylindraspis</a></li>

<li>†Cymatholcus</li>

<li>†Floridemys</li>

<li><a href="Geochelone" title="Geochelone">Geochelone</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopherus" title="Gopherus">Gopherus</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Hadrianus_(turtle)" title="Hadrianus (turtle)">Hadrianus</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Hesperotestudo" title="Hesperotestudo">Hesperotestudo</a></li>

<li><a href="Homopus" title="Homopus">Homopus</a></li>

<li><a href="Indotestudo" title="Indotestudo">Indotestudo</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinixys" title="Kinixys">Kinixys</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancake_tortoise" title="Pancake tortoise">Malacochersus</a></li>

<li><a href="Manouria" title="Manouria">Manouria</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Megalochelys" title="Megalochelys">Megalochelys</a></li>

<li>†Oligopherus</li>

<li><a href="Psammobates" title="Psammobates">Psammobates</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyxis_(turtle)" title="Pyxis (turtle)">Pyxis</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Solitudo" title="Solitudo">Solitudo</a></li>

<li><a href="Leopard_tortoise" title="Leopard tortoise">Stigmochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Stylemys" title="Stylemys">Stylemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Testudo_(genus)" title="Testudo (genus)">Testudo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Trionychia" title="Trionychia">Trionychia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Pig-nosed_turtle" title="Pig-nosed turtle">Carettochelyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Allaeochelys" title="Allaeochelys">Allaeochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Anosteira" title="Anosteira">Anosteira</a></li>

<li><a href="Pig-nosed_turtle" title="Pig-nosed turtle">Carettochelys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Trionychidae" title="Trionychidae">Trionychidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amyda" title="Amyda">Amyda</a></li>

<li><a href="Apalone" title="Apalone">Apalone</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Axestemys" title="Axestemys">Axestemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Chitra_(turtle)" title="Chitra (turtle)">Chitra</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclanorbis" title="Cyclanorbis">Cyclanorbis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycloderma" title="Cycloderma">Cycloderma</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Drazinderetes" title="Drazinderetes">Drazinderetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_softshell_turtle" title="Malayan softshell turtle">Dogania</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Gilmoremys" title="Gilmoremys">Gilmoremys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Hutchemys" title="Hutchemys">Hutchemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Khunnuchelys" title="Khunnuchelys">Khunnuchelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Lissemys" title="Lissemys">Lissemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Nilssonia_(turtle)" title="Nilssonia (turtle)">Nilssonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Wattle-necked_softshell_turtle" title="Wattle-necked softshell turtle">Palea</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Palaeoamyda" title="Palaeoamyda">Palaeoamyda</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelochelys" title="Pelochelys">Pelochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelodiscus" title="Pelodiscus">Pelodiscus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rafetus" title="Rafetus">Rafetus</a></li>

<li><a href="Trionyx" title="Trionyx">Trionyx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Basilochelys" title="Basilochelys">Basilochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Sinaspideretes" title="Sinaspideretes">Sinaspideretes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chelydridae66" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Chelydridae" title="Chelydridae">Chelydridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chelydra" title="Chelydra">Chelydra</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Chelydrops" title="Chelydrops">Chelydrops</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Chelydropsis" title="Chelydropsis">Chelydropsis</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Emarginachelys" title="Emarginachelys">Emarginachelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Macrocephalochelys" title="Macrocephalochelys">Macrocephalochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Macrochelys" title="Macrochelys">Macrochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Planiplastron" title="Planiplastron">Planiplastron</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Protochelydra" title="Protochelydra">Protochelydra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="Nanhsiungchelyidae" title="Nanhsiungchelyidae">Nanhsiungchelyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Anomalochelys" title="Anomalochelys">Anomalochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Basilemys" title="Basilemys">Basilemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Jiangxichelys" title="Jiangxichelys">Jiangxichelys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="Protostegidae" title="Protostegidae">Protostegidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Alienochelys" title="Alienochelys">Alienochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Archelon" title="Archelon">Archelon</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Atlantochelys" title="Atlantochelys">Atlantochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Bouliachelys" title="Bouliachelys">Bouliachelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Calcarichelys" title="Calcarichelys">Calcarichelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Cratochelone" title="Cratochelone">Cratochelone</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Desmatochelys" title="Desmatochelys">Desmatochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Iserosaurus" title="Iserosaurus">Iserosaurus</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Notochelone" title="Notochelone">Notochelone</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Ocepechelon" title="Ocepechelon">Ocepechelon</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Pneumatoarthrus" title="Pneumatoarthrus">Pneumatoarthrus</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Protostega" title="Protostega">Protostega</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Rhinochelys" title="Rhinochelys">Rhinochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Santanachelys" title="Santanachelys">Santanachelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Terlinguachelys" title="Terlinguachelys">Terlinguachelys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Adocus" title="Adocus">Adocus</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Argillochelys" title="Argillochelys">Argillochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Bashuchelys" title="Bashuchelys">Bashuchelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Ctenochelys" title="Ctenochelys">Ctenochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Prionochelys" title="Prionochelys">Prionochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Toxochelys" title="Toxochelys">Toxochelys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Pleurodira" title="Pleurodira">Pleurodira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="Araripemydidae" title="Araripemydidae">Araripemydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Araripemys" title="Araripemys">Araripemys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="Bothremydidae" title="Bothremydidae">Bothremydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Araiochelys" title="Araiochelys">Araiochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Arenila" title="Arenila">Arenila</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Azabbaremys" title="Azabbaremys">Azabbaremys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Bothremys" title="Bothremys">Bothremys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Cearachelys" title="Cearachelys">Cearachelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Chedighaii" title="Chedighaii">Chedighaii</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Chupacabrachelys" title="Chupacabrachelys">Chupacabrachelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Eotaphrosphys" title="Eotaphrosphys">Eotaphrosphys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Foxemys" title="Foxemys">Foxemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Galianemys" title="Galianemys">Galianemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Ilatardia" title="Ilatardia">Ilatardia</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Inaechelys" title="Inaechelys">Inaechelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Itapecuruemys" title="Itapecuruemys">Itapecuruemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Jainemys" title="Jainemys">Jainemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Kinkonychelys" title="Kinkonychelys">Kinkonychelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Kurmademys" title="Kurmademys">Kurmademys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Labrostochelys" title="Labrostochelys">Labrostochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Nigeremys" title="Nigeremys">Nigeremys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Phosphatochelys" title="Phosphatochelys">Phosphatochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Polysternon" title="Polysternon">Polysternon</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Puentemys" title="Puentemys">Puentemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Rosasia" title="Rosasia">Rosasia</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Rhothonemys" title="Rhothonemys">Rhothonemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Sankuchemys" title="Sankuchemys">Sankuchemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Taphrosphys" title="Taphrosphys">Taphrosphys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Ummulisani" title="Ummulisani">Ummulisani</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Zolhafah" title="Zolhafah">Zolhafah</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Chelidae" title="Chelidae">Chelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acanthochelys" title="Acanthochelys">Acanthochelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelodina" title="Chelodina">Chelodina</a></li>

<li><a href="Mata_mata" title="Mata mata">Chelus</a></li>

<li><a href="Elseya" title="Elseya">Elseya</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_River_turtle" title="Mary River turtle">Elusor</a></li>

<li><a href="Emydura" title="Emydura">Emydura</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydromedusa" title="Hydromedusa">Hydromedusa</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Lomalatachelys" title="Lomalatachelys">Lomalatachelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoclemmys" title="Mesoclemmys">Mesoclemmys</a></li>

<li><a href="Myuchelys" title="Myuchelys">Myuchelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrynops" title="Phrynops">Phrynops</a></li>

<li><a href="Twist-necked_turtle" title="Twist-necked turtle">Platemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Prochelidella" title="Prochelidella">Prochelidella</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_swamp_turtle" title="Western swamp turtle">Pseudemydura</a></li>

<li><a href="Rheodytes" title="Rheodytes">Rheodytes</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_side-necked_turtle" title="Red side-necked turtle">Rhinemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Yaminuechelys" title="Yaminuechelys">Yaminuechelys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Pelomedusidae" title="Pelomedusidae">Pelomedusidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African_helmeted_turtle" title="African helmeted turtle">Pelomedusa</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelusios" title="Pelusios">Pelusios</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="Podocnemididae" title="Podocnemididae">Podocnemididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Albertwoodemys" title="Albertwoodemys">Albertwoodemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Bauruemys" title="Bauruemys">Bauruemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Brontochelys" title="Brontochelys">Brontochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Caninemys" title="Caninemys">Caninemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Carbonemys" title="Carbonemys">Carbonemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Cerrejonemys" title="Cerrejonemys">Cerrejonemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Cordichelys" title="Cordichelys">Cordichelys</a></li>

<li><a href="Madagascan_big-headed_turtle" title="Madagascan big-headed turtle">Erymnochelys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Lapparentemys" title="Lapparentemys">Lapparentemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Latentemys" title="Latentemys">Latentemys</a></li>

<li><a href="Big-headed_Amazon_River_turtle" title="Big-headed Amazon River turtle">Peltocephalus</a></li>

<li><a href="Podocnemis" title="Podocnemis">Podocnemis</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Stupendemys" title="Stupendemys">Stupendemys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="Sahonachelyidae" title="Sahonachelyidae">Sahonachelyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Sahonachelys" title="Sahonachelys">Sahonachelys </a></li>

<li>†<a href="Sokatra" title="Sokatra">Sokatra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Caribemys" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribemys">Caribemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Caririemys" title="Caririemys">Caririemys</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Tacuarembemys" title="Tacuarembemys">Tacuarembemys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf">Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status</a>. † = extinct.</li></ul>

<ul><li>See also <a href="List_of_Testudines_families" title="List of Testudines families">List of Testudines families</a></li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Gopherus polyphemus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914338" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q914338">Q914338</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gopherus_polyphemus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Gopherus polyphemus">Gopherus polyphemus</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gopherus_polyphemus/">Gopherus_polyphemus</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/40085">40085</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11023152">11023152</a></li>

<li><a href="NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105196/">2.105196</a></li>

<li><a href="Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/99809/">99809</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=105227">105227</a></li>

<li><a href="Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">RD</a>: <a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DGopherus%26species%3Dpolyphemus">polyphemus</a></li>

<li><a href="CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/5140">5140</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914338#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata553" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914338#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata553" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533755305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/8fdbcad8-fb25-47ae-b037-b815315d0987">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Gopher_tortoise&oldid=1302848772">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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